Eastern Armenian speakers pronounce () as [t], () as [d], and () as a tenuis occlusive [t]. About 50 dialects were known before 1915, when the Armenian population of Turkey was drastically reduced by means of massacre and forced exodus; some of these dialects were mutually unintelligible. ", Last edited on 25 September 2022, at 05:07, Fondation Universit Franaise en Armnie, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, "Government plan proposes special status for Western Armenian in bid to strengthen diaspora relations", "Bilingualism and language planning in Armenia", "The South Caucasus Between The EU And The Eurasian Union", "De Jure Population (Urban, Rural*) by Ethnicity and Languages", "Russian Language Enjoying a Boost in Post-Soviet States", http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf, "Armenia becomes full member of Francophonie", "Nagorno Karabakh and Kosovo: The Refugee Problem", "De Jure Population (Urban, Rural) by Age and Ethnicity", " 1897 . - ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Armenia&oldid=1112205733, This page was last edited on 25 September 2022, at 05:07. One also finds reference to a prior alphabet created by the Syriac bishop Daniel, purportedly abandoned because it was ill-suited to the sound system of the language. According to local tradition, the Armenian alphabet was invented in 405 by Mesrop Mashtots, aided by Isaac (Sahak) the Great, supreme head of the Armenian Apostolic Church, and by a . 2008. 78. [13] In 1988, nearly 100,000 Armenian students within the republic attended Russian-language schools. Category: Languages and linguistics Ancient Armenian language; Revue Bazmavep. Western Armenian (formerly known as Armenian of Turkey) was based on the dialect of the Armenian community of Istanbul, and Eastern Armenian (formerly known as Armenian of Russia) was based on the dialects of Yerevan (Armenia) and Tbilisi (Georgia). [14], The 2001 census revealed 29,563 people with Russian as their native language, from which 14,728 were ethnic Armenians. The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian. [20] A university named Fondation Universit Franaise en Armnie (French University in Armenia) was founded in 2000 according to the agreement between the Armenian and French governments. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Later, two more letters were added to the alphabet. Armenian language, Armenian Hayeren, also spelled Haieren, language that forms a separate branch of the Indo-European language family; it was once erroneously considered a dialect of Iranian. It is possible that they reached that territory as early as the second half of the 2nd millennium bc. 512-471-4271, Web Privacy Policy It was nearly a thousand years, however, before the Armenians themselves began to put their language to writing, when in 406 or 407 A.D. a priest, Note: this set of lessons uses the full Armenian script. It was probably derived from the Pahlavi alphabet of Persia, with some Greek influences. However, there is plenty of evidence for the existence of an ancient Armenian alphabet (s) predating the 5th century. Western standard: The influx of immigrants from different parts of the traditional Armenian homeland to Istanbul crystallized the common elements of the regional dialects, paving the way for a style of writing that required a shorter and more flexible learning curve than Grabar. The Ancient Armenian language Even before the creation of the Armenian alphabet in the 5th century, the local people were speaking the ancient Armenian language. The Armenian plateau itself is divided by several smaller mountain ranges that furnish the sources for a number of unnavigable rivers. Strabo, Geographica, XI, 14, 5; , . . , 1981, 33 (Concise History of Armenian Language, S. Gh. Yerevan. In addition to elevating the literary style and vocabulary of the Armenian language by adding well above a thousand new words,[75] through his other hymns and poems Gregory paved the way for his successors to include secular themes and vernacular language in their writings. 512-471-4566, For comments and inquiries, or to report issues, please contact the Web Master at UTLRC@utexas.edu. There are 2,402 people who speak Assyrian Neo-Aramaic as a first language, 2,265 of the speakers are ethnic Assyrians, while the other 137 speakers are of other ethnicities (125 are ethnic Armenians). [18] In contrast to the last decades, the number of Armenian schools teaching English have grown gradually. It is the official language of Armenia.Historically spoken in the Armenian Highlands, today Armenian is widely spoken throughout the Armenian diaspora.Armenian is written in its own writing system, the Armenian . Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. "Urartian State Mythology". Another theory draws on linguistic similarities between the Armenian language and the Caucasian languages of the area to say that the Armenians had originally been themselves a Caucasian tribe which adopted an Indo-European tongue, and this Caucasian substrate is responsible for the fact that Armenian is rather genetically isolated among the Indo-European languages. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The ancient Armenian calendar had names for everything - hours, days, and months. Although by neither account were they the original inhabitants of the region, Xenophon records in 400 B.C. Armen Petrosyan. The status of Armenian within the Indo-European family of languages remains obscure. Exceptions to this rule are some words with the final letter ( in the reformed orthography) (, , ) and sometimes the ordinal numerals (, , etc. Many terms of an ecclesiastical nature were adopted from Greek, as well as from Syriac, the language which formed the medium of the liturgy in Armenia for several years. The introduction of new literary forms and styles, as well as many new ideas sweeping Europe, reached Armenians living in both regions. Armenian can be divided into two major dialectal blocks and those blocks into individual dialects, though many of the Western Armenian dialects have become extinct due to the effects of the Armenian genocide. The first translator into the Armenian language was the linguist Mesrop Mashtots, who translated the Bible. Although its level of competence has significantly decreased since Armenia's independence in 1991,[4] in 2010, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has reported that about 70% of Armenia's population has the ability to speak Russian. After the seventeenth century, Armenian developed into a modern form which has split into two varieties: West Armenian and East Armenian. This is only my opinion, you will not see it elsewhere, but the term could relate to "copper, bronze". Old Armenian had seven vowel phonemes: /a/, /e/, // (from *ey; an asterisk indicates a reconstructed rather than an attested form), //, /i/, /o/, and /u/ (written o+w). R. D. Woodard). The Armenian alphabet. In modern Armenian, the use of auxiliary verbs to show tense (comparable to will in "he will go") has generally supplemented the inflected verbs of Classical Armenian. Each phoneme in the table is represented by IPA, Armenian script and romanization. By the 19th century the discrepancy between Grabar (which had continued to prevail as the written language) and the spoken language (which had by then splintered into numerous dialects) had grown so vast that a movement arose to elaborate a modern standard language that would be comprehensible to all and fit for use in schools. There are 733 people who speak Ukrainian as a first language in Armenia, 606 of them are ethnic Ukrainians, the other 127 Ukrainian speakers are of other ethnicities (106 of them are ethnic Armenians). yad-). [5] according to the researchers, the name of ardini religious center of ancient urartu also related to the god The term covers a large variety of types and sub-varieties. Western and other dialects may also have /, Vaux, Bert. [17] Many Armenians speak Azerbaijani as a second language, since the country welcomed 370,000 Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan, including the former Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Oblast during the Nagorno Karabakh War, which lasted from 19881994. The actual nature of Phrygian influence, however, is open to much debate because of the language's scanty attestation. p. 85-86. [25] It is argued on linguistic evidence that proto-Armenian came in contact with Urartian at an early date (3rd-2nd millennium BC), before the formation of the Urartian kingdom. The Origin of Armenian Surnames "Azgagun" (surname) is translated from the Armenian language as "family name". The language is spoken by approximately four million people still living within the borders of the republic. [106][107] Both classical Armenian and the modern spoken and literary dialects have a complicated system of noun declension, with six or seven noun cases but no gender. Armen Petrosyan. [17], According to the 2011 Armenian Census there are 1,176 Ukrainians in Armenia. Armenian is a pluricentric language with two modern standardized forms: Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian. It was first written down at the beginning of the 5th century, and all Armenian literature from then through the 18th century is in Classical Armenian. [17], The popularity of English has been growing since Armenia's independence in 1991. We have no record of the Armenian language before the fifth century AD. See how M-U-C-H you know about your A-B-Cs in other languages. Many scholars believe that this was due to the large number of goats drawn on the stones, but according to Martirosyan it is because in the ancient Armenian language, the words "goat" and "writing" were homonyms (words of differing meaning that sound the same). [35], Armenian was generally recognized as a separate branch of the Indo-European family, Armenia was considered to be part of the Persian language by western scholars until the 1870s when it was recognized as a separate Indo-European language. Within its language family Armenian is considered as one of the ancient written languages. However, unlike shared innovations (or synapomorphies), the common retention of archaisms (or symplesiomorphy) is not considered conclusive evidence of a period of common isolated development. | LITERATURE I. We need your help to preserve & document ancient languages. On the basis of these features two major standards emerged: Both centers vigorously pursued the promotion of Ashkharhabar. The Indo-European language family includes most of the European languages like English, Spanish, French, German, Greek, Russian, but also Armenian, Persian and Hindi. In other languages This page was last edited on 19 November 2015, at 22:37. 85137. ", Wilhelm, Gernot. According to some linguists, Old Armenian b, d, g, j, and were voiced aspirated and p, t, k, c, and glottalized. The main difference between the Eastern and Western variants is that the first one is the official language of the country since the twenties of the last century. Gradually, the interests of the population at large were reflected in other literary works as well. "(inland) sea"), ut "camel" ( Hurr. Nevertheless, a fluent speaker of one of two greatly varying dialects who is also literate in one of the standards, when exposed to the other dialect for a period of time will be able to understand the other with relative ease. Haik killed Bel and became ruler of the Armenian land, and the descendants of Haik later defended Armenia from the forces of Assyria. The antagonistic relationship between the Russian and Ottoman empires led to creation of two separate and different environments under which Armenians lived. Graeco-Aryan unity would have become divided into Proto-Greek and Proto-Indo-Iranian by the mid-3rd millennium BC. vard 'rose' compared to MPers. Armenian medicine, which has a history of some 3000 years, has created a rich treasury of natural medicaments. AVC - Ancient Armenian History Language: , , Eng, Sp, . Some of the terms he gives admittedly have an Akkadian or Sumerian provenance, but he suggests they were borrowed through Hurrian or Urartian. The earliest documentary evidence of the Armenians is a sixth century B.C. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armenian-language. Some borrowings date back to the Achaemenid period (ca. They encountered the Urartuan culture in a period of decline and eventually came to rule over them and other Caucasian groups in the region. [43] Contact with Greek, Persian, and Syriac also resulted in a number of loanwords. Austin, TX 78712, General Inquiries: Sources differ on the place of articulation of these consonants. He is also credited by some with the creation of the Georgian alphabet and the Caucasian Albanian alphabet. There are two major standardized versions of Armenian: Western Armenian, Armenia A modern Albanian speaker probably wouldn't understand medieval Albanian, let alone Illyrian (which is the probable ancestor of Albanian). The earliest documentary evidence of the Armenians is a sixth century B.C. The Eastern Armenian language is used as a standard language by the Armenians living in Armenia, India, and ex-USSR republics. Its alphabet was invented by the monk Mesrob in 406 C.E. The language is spoken by approximately four million people still living within the borders of the republic. The occlusives and affricates have an aspirated series, commonly transcribed with a reversed apostrophe after the letter. Arm. But by far the greatest number of borrowings come from Iranian. Armenia has been the most successful of the three South Caucasian states (others being Azerbaijan and Georgia) in linguistic de-Russification after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Several distinct varieties of the Armenian language can be distinguished: Old Armenian (Grabar), Middle Armenian ( Miin hayern), and Modern Armenian, or Axarhabar ( Ashkharhabar). It concealed the noticeable dialectal variations of the spoken language and was used for literary, historical, theological, scientific, and even practical everyday texts. Modern Armenian embraces two written varietiesWestern Armenian ( Arewmtahayern) and Eastern Armenian ( Arewelahayern)and many dialects are spoken. The changes in consonants from Proto-Indo-European to Armenian are typified by the following: In addition, there was a strong stress on the Proto-Armenian penultimate syllable, which led to the loss of any final vowel, and caused /i/ and /u/ to become the schwa in unaccented syllables. [15] Many Armenian refugees from Baku and other cities of Azerbaijan speak only Russian. Halfway through the 19th century, two important concentrations of Armenian communities were further consolidated. It should be mentioned that this explanation of the origin of Armenian plosives is a traditional one. Armenian belongs to the satem (satm) group of Indo-European languages; this group includes those languages in which the palatal stops became palatal or alveolar fricatives, such as Slavic (with Baltic) and Indo-Iranian. It was probably dominant in the mountainous areas along the upper Zab Valley and around Lake Van. Please select which sections you would like to print: Parlez-vous franais? Journal of Language Relationship 10 (2013) Pp. By the turn of the 20th century both varieties of the one modern Armenian language prevailed over Grabar and opened the path to a new and simplified grammatical structure of the language in the two different cultural spheres. A large number of Armenian intelligentsia members sent their children to Russian-language schools,[12] which was considered to be harmful to the future of Armenian. [22], Armenian joined the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2001, which protects the languages of the minorities: Assyrian, Greek, Russian and Northern Kurdish. In the northeast the Kur River separates the highland region from lowlands which sweep to the Caspian Sea. English is still far behind Russian in terms of knowledge among Armenians. The first sentence written in Old Armenian by Mesrop Mashtotswas " , " which means "to recognize wisdom and guidance, to know the words of the genius". In modern forms of Armenian the stress falls on the last syllable of a word. Grammatically, early forms of Armenian had much in common with classical Greek and Latin, but the modern language, like modern Greek, has undergone many transformations, adding some analytic features. The northermost section of the Euphrates was to form the boundary between Greater and Lesser Armenia in the subsequent imperial struggles. Apart from that, its pronunciation is always . Historically, nouns were declined for one of seven cases: nominative ( uakan), accusative ( haycakan), locative ( nergoyakan), genitive ( seakan), dative ( trakan), ablative ( bacaakan), or instrumental ( gorciakan), but in the modern language, the nominative and accusative cases, as well as the dative and genitive cases have merged. It is. [52] One notable loanword from Anatolian is Armenian xalam, "skull", cognate to Hittite alanta, "head".[53]. Mailcode S5490 Specialized literature prefers "Old Armenian" for grabar as a whole, and designates as "Classical" the language used in the 5th century literature, "Post-Classical" from the late 5th to 8th centuries, and "Late Grabar" that of the period covering the 8th to 11th centuries. Participate today. [40], Armenia was a monolingual country by the 2nd century BC at the latest. Armenian has its own, unique script, and a vast repository of texts in Classical, Middle and Modern Armenian for students of Late Antiquity, the Middle Ages and Modern and Contemporary eras. Loan words from Iranian languages, along with the other ancient accounts such as that of Xenophon above, initially led linguists to erroneously classify Armenian as an Iranian language. Bert Vaux. The Chitjian Foundation supports Armenian Archeology at UCLA Zaruhy Sara Chitjian with the Chitjian Foundation and UCLA are dedicated to enlighten the world to Armenia's glorious ancient history that goes back . Some works have survived only through their Armenian translations, such as the Commentaries on the Benediction of Moses by Hippolytus, the first part of the Chronicle of Eusebius, and the Romance of Alexander the Great by Pseudo-Callisthenes. The geographic location of the country explains the affinity of the Armenian language to several western and Indo-European languages. [31] First attested in the 9th century BCE, Urartian ceased to be written after the fall of the Urartian state in 585 BCE, and presumably it became extinct due to the fall of Urartu. The seven dialect types have the following correspondences, illustrated with the td series:[105]. The study of a language to determine its origins and evolution deals primarily with its oral characteristics, and most contemporary linguists work under the belief that spoken language is more fundamental, and thus more important to study than written language.Thus, Armenian is considered to be mainly an offshoot of the Indo-Hittite group of . [17], Other foreign languages common in Armenia include French, German, Italian, Spanish and Persian. [23] The same source showed 31,310 people with Kurdish as their native language. [54] Noting that Hurro-Urartian-speaking peoples inhabited the Armenian homeland in the second millennium BC, Diakonoff identifies in Armenian a Hurro-Urartian substratum of social, cultural, and animal and plant terms such as aaxin "slave girl" ( Hurr. Gradually Middle Armenian evolved into New Armenian (since the 17th century) spoken by approximately 10 million people all over the world. The absolute number of students of the Russian language was significantly decreased. Forms of the Karin dialect of Western Armenian are spoken by several hundred thousand people in Northern Armenia, mostly in Gyumri, Artik, Akhuryan, and around 130 villages in Shirak Province,[111] and by Armenians in SamtskheJavakheti province of Georgia (Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe).[112]. James Clackson (2008). The first Armenian periodical, Azdarar (1794), was also printed in Grabar, although by the end of the 18th century the spoken language had so diverged from the written that the language of the periodical was not widely understood. Among the astronomical activities that have left their traces in the territory of Armenia are: the rock art (numerous petroglyphs of astronomical content), ruins of ancient observatories (two of them, Karahunge and Metzamor are especially well known; Karahunge is the Armenian twin of the Stonehenge and is considered even older), the ancient . The consonant shift in Proto-Armenian had some similarities to the Proto-Germanic shift (see Grimms law), although these processes were independent of one another. This movement eventually yielded two diglossic varieties of Axarhabar (Ashkharhabar), the modern standard language; Grabar remained the language of formal high style during the 19th century. Hurrian. The actual nature of Phrygian influence, however, is open to much debate because of the language's scanty attestation. Herodotus, writing in the fifth century B.C., states that the Armenians lived in Thrace and then moved into Phrygia, from which they crossed into the later Armenian territory. 1998. The Times is available at kiosks. The modern language also has an f /f/. The language was developed since at least the time of the first Armenian dynasty (6th BC). [39] Ronald I. Kim has noted unique morphological developments connecting Armenian to Balto-Slavic languages. AD At that time an alphabet of 36 letters was specially designed for Armenian by St. Mesrop, who used Greek and Iranian letters as a basis. It was introduced around AD 405 by Mesrop Mashtots, an Armenian linguist and ecclesiastical leader, and originally contained 36 letters. Armenian is the language used by the 8-9 million Armenians. [41] Its language has a long literary history, with a 5th-century Bible translation as its oldest surviving text. And for the long time of the oppression of the Ottoman Empire a part of Turkish words penetrated into the Armenian vocabulary. Armenian has its own unique script, the Armenian alphabet, invented in 405-406 AD by the ancient linguist and cleric Mesrop Mashtots. [26][27][28][29][30] It was probably spoken by the majority of the population around Lake Van and in the areas along the upper Zab valley. Contemporary linguists, such as Hrach Martirosyan, have rejected many of the Hurro-Urartian and Northeast Caucasian origins for these words and instead suggest native Armenian etymologies, leaving the possibility that these words may have been loaned into Hurro-Urartian and Caucasian languages from Armenian, and not vice versa. Armenian is an Indo-European language, so many of its Proto-Indo-European-descended words are cognates of words in other Indo-European languages such as English, Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit. Nakhichevan-on-Don Armenians speak another Western Armenian variety based on the dialect of Armenians in Crimea, where they came from in order to establish the town and surrounding villages in 1779 ( ). Currently it has its own unique branch in the language family. Nevertheless, as Fortson (2004) comments, "by the time we reach our earliest Armenian records in the 5th century AD, the evidence of any such early kinship has been reduced to a few tantalizing pieces". P.125. All these factors brought forth changes of the language functioning structure in real time conditions. Strabo, writing in the first century B.C., states that the Armenians entered the territory from two directions, one group coming from Phrygia in the west, the other coming from Mesopotamia in the southeast. The language has a unique writing system. The Western Armenian language is used as a standard language by the Armenians living in the USA, Italy, France, Lebanon, and other countries. The language whose records date back to this period is termed Classical Armenian. [64][65][66][67] Early and strong evidence was given by Euler's 1979 examination on shared features in Greek and Sanskrit nominal flection. Armenian hasnt become a dead language as, for example, the Latin and Ancient Greek languages of that group. Some glottalist linguists claim that the Old Armenian system had not undergone any important changes from the Proto-Indo-European system, which they interpret in a manner quite different from the traditional view. The Armenian language comprises around 60 distinctive dialects, each with its own folk music style. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Although spoken in antiquity, it was not recorded in writing until the early 5th cent. The oldest documents in Armenian, dating back to the invention of the alphabet in the fifth century A.D., are of a primarily ecclesiastic nature. A small group of speakers live in north-western Iran, and some communities dot the countryside of eastern Turkey. utu), and xnjor "apple (tree)" ( Hurr. The last symbol is its Latin transliteration. In 1985, the Soviet linguist Igor M. Diakonoff noted the presence in Classical Armenian of what he calls a "Caucasian substratum" identified by earlier scholars, consisting of loans from the Kartvelian and Northeast Caucasian languages. 1. Stan i struktura demograficzno-spoeczna Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludnoci i Mieszka 2011 [Population. The influence of the remaining languages seems to have been chiefly in the form of borrowings. in, This page was last edited on 29 October 2022, at 19:37. Modern Armenian has six monophthongs. [4], Yazidis are the largest minority in Armenia. Byron wrote. Lord Byron (1788-1824) visited the Armenian Monastery of St. Lazarus in Venice in 1816, where he acquainted himself with Armenian culture with the help of the abbots belonging to the Mechitarist Order. Updates? Distribution of ethnic groups in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor in 1923, Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, New York (The map does not reflect the results of the 1923 population transfer between Greece and Turkey) Armenian-Kurdish relations covers the historical relations between the Kurds and the . Demographic and social condition and structure 2011 National Census of Population and Housing]", "Tab9. Armenia (/ r m i n i / ()), officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia. inzuri). Lessons rendered in a Romanized alphabet can be accessed via the, The status of Armenian within the Indo-European family of languages remains obscure. 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