The judges also asked Burroughs when he last took communion, which he couldnt remember, and asked how many of his children were baptized, which he answered only the eldest was, and asked if it was true that he refused to let his second wife, Sarah Ruck Hathorne, write to her father without letting him see the letter first, which he denied. this deponent saith yt he saw Mr George Burrowswho was lately Executed at Salem lift a gunn of six ffoott Barrell or thereabouts putting the his forefinger of his right hand into the muzell of sd gunn and that he held it out att arms and only wth thatt finger, and further this deponent testifieth thatt about at the same time he saw the said Burrows Take up a full barrll of e molasses wth butt two of his fingers of one of his hands in the bung, and carry itt from ye stage head to the door att the end of the stage wth out letting itt downe & that Liut. evidence: is the truth. George Burroughs, a Puritan minister who served in Salem, Massachusetts from 1680-83, was also one of the survivors of the attack by the Native Americans. (2021, July 31). The next day, Margaret Jacobs recanted her testimony against both Burroughs and her grandfather, George Jacobs, Sr. As with the others executed, he was cast into a common, unmarked grave. He experienced significant heart failure in 2005. [6], Burroughs was arrested on charges of witchcraft on May 4, 1692,[7] based on the accusation of some personal enemies from his former congregation who had sued him for debt. was there & they had the Sac't[= sacrament] & after they had done he tooke leave & bid them Stand to their faith, & not own any thing, Martha Tyler saith the same w'th Sarah Wilson & Severall others (on side) These Since the Execucion of Mr. Burro, ( Essex County Court Archives, Salem -- Witchcraft Vol. Updated: November 13, 2011 . George Burroughs, signed by Peter's brothers John and Nathaniel, were sent to the Governor and Council to improve the conditions of Wells, Maine. some thing Jumped down from between the Chimney & the side of the house and Run down the stairs and s'd Burroughs followed it down, and the negro then s'd it was something like a white calfe: another tyme lyeing with her husband some thing came into the house and stood by her bed side and breathed on her, and she being much affrighted at it, would have awakened her husband but could not for a con- siderable tyme, but as soone as he did awake it went away., but this I heard her say. George Burroughs would use one or more of these texts in his trial in 1692, attempting to refute the charges against him. It appears from court records that Burroughss children soon began fighting over the money. Susan Sheldon. Tom flint Jurat wee find nothing upon the body of the above sayd burroughs but w't is naturall:but upon the body of George Jacobs wee find 3. tetts w'ch according to the best of our Judgements wee think is not naturall for wee run a pinn through 2 of them and he was not sinceible of it: one of them being within his mouth upon the Inside of his right shoulder balde an a 3'rd upon his right hipp. We Subscribe Our Selves your Honours Humble Sertts.. In 1711,thelegislatureof the Province of Massachusetts Bayrestored all rights to those who had been accused in the 1692 witch trials. of Inquest Aug'st 3 1692 upon the oath she has taken When Burroughs was cut down from the gallows, his body was dragged to a rocky crevice bordering the execution site, his clothing was stripped off and he was dressed in a pair of trousers of one executed and was placed in the grave with Willard and Carrier. The pop star was suffering from. On May 9, George Burroughs was examined by magistrates Jonathan Corwin and John Hathorne; Sarah Churchill was examined the same day. Hillar, at the Princess-Arms, in Leaden-Hall-Street, over against St. Mary-Ax, and Joseph Collier, at the Golden Bible, on London Bridge. Lewis, Jone Johnson. New England Marriages Prior to 1700. Perhaps Cotton's most self-damning act within the public eye was his publication of the volume The Wonders of the Invisible World, in October, 1692, after the final executions. 255, 278, 280, v. 2 pp. Burroughs accepted the offer and relocated to Salem Village. Martha Ingalls Allen was born between 1643 and 1650 to Andrew Allen (or Allin) (1623-1690), one of the original 23 settlers of Andover, and Faith Ingalls (1623-1690) in Andover. ), Wee whoes names are under written having r'ceived an order from the sreife for to search the bodyes of George Burroughs and George Jacobs . Tom West sworne 22. He denyed that his family was affrighted by a According to a recent handwriting analysis by Professor Peter Grund, from the University of Kansas, the afflicted girls testimonies were all written by Thomas Putnam. He was buried in Inglewood Cemetery, Inglewood, Taranaki, New Zealand. On August 19, 1692, George Burroughs plunged to his death and was buried in a shallow grave. Women are disproportionately affected. He served as a minister in Portland, Maine, for two years, surviving King Philip's War and joining other refugees in moving farther south for safety. Despite this, he was executed on the same day like many others. Jurat in Curia [*Edward] Putnam](/tag/putnam_edward.html), ( Essex County Court Archives, Salem -- Witchcraft Vol. Mercy Lewis was one of the afflicted girls of the Salem Witch Trials and a servant in Thomas Putnam's home.. Lewis, the daughter of Phillip Lewis, was born in Falmouth, Maine in 1675. This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 21:13. Marcy Lewis Abigail Williams Ann putnam and Eliz Hubert and Susanah Sheldon (Viz) Upon Som: or all of them, of Salem Village or farm[es] whereby great hurt and dammage benne donn[e] to the Bodys of s'd persons above named therefore Craved Justice, Signed by Both above'd Complainers Jonathan Walcott 2, no. Cotton Mather witnessed the event as well. ), The Deposition of Mary Walcott agged about 17 years who testi- fieth and saith that on the later end of April 1692: mr. George Burroughs or his Apperance came to me whom I formerly well knew: and he did Immediatly most greviously torment me by biting pinching and almost choacking me urging me to writ in his book: which I refusing he did -- againe most greviously torment me and tould me if I would but touch his book I should be well but I tould him I would not for all the world and then he threated to kil me and said I should never witnes against him: but he continewed tortering and tempting me tell the 8 may: and then he tould me he would have kiled his first wife and child: when his wife was in travil but he had not the power: but he keept hir in the kithin tell he gave hir hir deaths wound.but he charged me in the name of his God I should not tell of it:but Immediatly there appeared to me mr.Burroughs two first wives in their winding sheets whom I formerly well knew and tould me that mr. Burroughs had murthered them and that their blood did crie for vengance againt him: also on the 9'th may being the day of his ex- amination he did most greviously torment me dureing the time of his examination for if he did but look on me he would strick me down or allmost Choake me: also dureing his examination I saw mr. George Burroughs or his Apperane most greviously torment mercy lewes Eliz Hubb [e] rt Abigail william and Ann putnam and I beleve in my heart that mr. George Burroughs is a dreadful wizzard and That he had often afflected and tormented me and the afore mentioned parsons by his acts of wicthcraft, Mary Walcot declared this writing to be a true evidence: to the Jury I am a member of Colonial Clergy, Flagon and Trencher, Associated Daughters of Early American Witches and the Descendants of Brian Boru though Georges ancestors. made Oath to the latter part.of this paper What happened to Burroughss body after that day is unknown. John Putnam and his wife Rebecca testified that when Burroughs stayed at their house, he was often harsh towards his first wife, Hannah, and Burroughs once told them that he required Hannah to sign a written agreement that she would never reveal his secrets. Burroughs was described in a reading by Frances Hill: "George Burroughs was confident, strong-willed, and decisive, a man of action as well as a preacher, unusually athletic and clever enough to do well in Harvard. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 2 vv., v. 1 pp. 137: John Willard Executed August 19, 1692, SWP No. She had not seen him personally before as she Aprel.30'th 1692 George Burrough's children were among those. James Duncan Phillips Library, Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA. Burrows, Dr. George McLaughlin (May 7, 1928) - It is with heavy hearts we announce the death of Doc George who passed peacefully at home, surrounded by his loving family, on Saturday, 23 May, 2015. Family, friend, or fan, this family history biography is for you to remember George Burroughs. George Burroughs. Her fathers name was George Wunder Burroughs and he was a senior official in his Masonic Lodge in Long Beach, Calif. Hi Rebecca! on The Witchcraft Trial of Reverend George Burroughs, The Witchcraft Trial of Reverend George Burroughs, View all posts by Rebecca Beatrice Brooks. It has taken 10 weeks for George Michael's cause of death to emerge George Michael died as a result of heart and liver disease, a coroner has confirmed. In January of 1712, the court ordered that 6 of the 50 pounds was to be divided in equal shares among all of Burroughs children: Charles Burroughs, Jeremiah Burroughs, Rebecca Fowle, Hannah Fox, Elizabeth Thomas, and Mary Burroughs. take it in his hands or arms out of the Cannoo or boat and carry it and set it on the shore: and mr Borroughs being: there sayd that he had carryed one barrill of molasses.or sider: out of a cannoo that had like to have done him a displeasure: s'd mr Borroughs intimated: as if he did not want strength to do it but the disadvantage of the shore was such: that his foot slipping in the sand: he had like to have strained his legg According to historian Sidney Perley, an old family story from the Buffum family states that from his house on nearby Boston street, Joshua Buffam could see Burroughss exposed hand and foot sticking out of the crevice, so just after night fall he went to cover them so they were no longer visible. George Burroughs was born 26 October 1579 in Wickhambrook, Saint Edmundsbury, Suffolk, England to Thomas Burroughs (1531-1597) and Bridget Elizabeth Heigham (1530-1597) and died 1 February 1653 Pettaugh, Suffolk, England of unspecified causes. *mary webber, ( Witchcraft Papers, no. Ann Putman, ( Witchcraft Papers, no. 3. He looked back & knockt down all (or more) He had to borrow money for his wife's funeral. On August 11, 1676, one-year-old Mercy Lewis and her parents barely escaped an attack by the nearby Wabanaki Indians that resulted in the death of her grandparents, cousins and many other members of the community. Death record, obituary, funeral notice and information about the deceased person. Nevertheless, Burroughss trial reached its end shortly after and he was promptly found guilty and sentenced to hang later that month. [citation needed] At his trial, which took place in May, he was found guilty based on evidence that included his extraordinary feats of strength, such as lifting a musket by inserting his finger into the barrel (such feats of strength being presumed impossible without diabolical assistance[8]). Among those in the crowd was the colonys most prominent minister Reverend Increase Mather. Despite being far away from the witch hysteria in Salem, Massachusetts, Burroughs name was brought up as a witch and a warrant was put out for his arrest. 3, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, MA. One of the witnesses was Thomas Greenlit, who recounted a story about witnessing Burroughs place his finger in the muzzle of a heavy gun and then lifted it up and also placed two fingers in the bung of a full barrel of molasses, lifted it up and carried it around: That about the breaking Out of this last Indian Warr being at the house of Capt Scottows at black point he Saw Mr George Bur- roughs lift and hold Out a gunn of Six foot barrell or thereabouts putting the forefinger of his right hand into the Muzle of sd gunn and So held it Out at Armes End Only with that finger and further this deponent Testifieth that at the Same time he Saw the Said Burroughs take up a full barrell of Malasses wth but two fingers of one of his hands in the bung & Carry it from the Stage head to the Door at the End of the Stage Without letting it downe & that Liut Richard Hunniwell & John Greinslitt & Some other persons that are Since dead Were then present.. Jno. Executed, August 19, 1692, SWP No. Co-Founder of The Walt Disney Company. Thank you for the research. One eye witness to the execution, Robert Calef, described the event in his book More Wonders of the Invisible World: Mr. George Floyd's heart disease and use of fentanyl were contributing factors to his death, but they were not the direct cause, the medical examiner who performed his autopsy testified on Friday in . & others unknowne came to this depon't & Mr Burroughs had a trumpett & sounded it, & they would have had this depon't to have gone up with them to a feast at Mr parris- ses & Goody Nurse & Goody procter told her this depon't they were Deacons & would have had her eat some of their sweet bread & wine & she asking them what wine that was one of them said it was blood & better then our wine but this depon't refused to eat or drink with them & they then dreadfully afflicted her at that tyme. The 30 people who testified against Burroughs at his trial were: Sarah BibberEzekiel CheeverRichard CarrierThomas EvansThomas GreenlitHannah HarrisElizabeth HubbardBenjamin HutchinsonAbigail HobbsElizar KeyserMary LaceyMary Lacey JrMercy LewisAnn Putnam, JrRebecca PutnamEdward PutnamThomas PutnamPeter PrescottRobert MorrellThomas RuckSusannah SheldonMartha TylerMary WarrenElizabeth WardwellMary WalcottSamuel WebberMary WebberSarah WilsonSimon WillardWilliam Wormall. Burroughs was born in Suffolk, England in 1652 and migrated to the settlement of Roxbury in the Massachusetts Bay Colony with his mother when he was a child, although some sources say he first lived in Virginia before moving to Roxbury. Lewis, Jone Johnson. At his execution, he quoted the Lords Prayer which a witch should not have been able to do. 10, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, MA., Boston, MA..), The: Deposition of Simon Willard aged:about forty two years sayth: I being att the house of Mr Robt Lawrance: at falmoth in Casco Bay: in Septemb'r 1689 s'd Mr Lawrance was commending Mr George Borroughs his strength: saying that we none of us could doe what he could doe: for s'd he Mr Borroughs can hold out this gun with one hand Mr. Borroughs being there: sayd I held my hand here behind the lock: and took it up: and held it out. *Elisha Hutchinson Maj'r, By Virtue of this warrant I Apprehended s'd George Burroughs and have Brought him to Salem and Delievered him to the Authority there this fourth day of May 1692 ). enter into a covenant. George Burroughs proceeded to quote the Lords Prayer perfectly which was believed to be impossible for a witch to do. And her daughter Mary affirmed that Mr. George Burroughs was at the witch meetings and witch sacraments, and that she knows Mr. Burroughs to be of the company of witches. 022: George Burroughs Executed, August 19, 1692, SWP No. Capt Putman testifyed that he made his wife It is not known why exactly Burroughs was accused but it may have been due to left over resentment from his time as the minister in Salem Village as well as his legal troubles with the Putnam family. And this did somewhat appease the people, and the executions went on; when he [Mr. Burroughs] was cut down, he was dragged by a Halter to a hole, or grave, between the rocks, about two feet deep; his shirt and breeches being pulled off, and an old pair of trousers of one executed put on his lower parts: he was so put in, together with Willard and Carrier, that one of his hands, and his chin, and a foot of one of them, was left uncovered. Mercy Lewis At his trial, which took place in May, he was found guilty based on evidence that included his extraordinary feats of strength, such as lifting a musket by inserting his finger into the barrel . Gadsden, Etowah County, Alabama 35901 . He was also suspected of killing his wives by witchcraft, and although clearly witchcraft was not involved, there is some historical evidence that he had treated them poorly.[10]. Derek Chauvin, one of the four police officers who arrived on the scene, knelt on Floyd's neck and back for 9 minutes and . He protested his innocence. ThoughtCo, Jul. Deliberance Hobbs {testimony read & in the fourth yeare of Our Reign Ann Putnam, junior {testified that his 2 wives Family, friend, or fan, this family history biography is for you to remember George Burroughs. Death of his wife & Lawson's Childe, ( Essex County Court Archives, Salem -- Witchcraft Vol. Memorial plaque located on Masonic Temple. This was an excellent article! Wells: Sept: 28th 1691 p 294. hands this Is about a ll a clock and I ask her Where about this lettel man stood s'd she Just where the Cart wheell went along I had a 3 graned irne fork in my hnad and I thru it wher she said he stud and she presently feell in a letel feet and when it twas over Said She you have toren his coot for I hard it tare wher abouts said I one won side said she Burroughs had moved to Wells, Maine, and had been married another two times before the time of the trials. Short of stature, muscular, dark-complexioned, he was highly attractive to women, as is shown by his winning the hand of a rich widow as his second wife when he was a mere village minister. of the afflicted, wo stood behind him. Jonath: Corwin. part of the day, & the other at Charlstown part Wm. Because the grave was so shallow, Burroughs chin and one of his feet were left uncovered. Yet he owned there were Toads. 2, No. Wheldon, Capt Wormwood testifyed about the Gun & Jno. George Robert Burrows, Circa 1867 - 1947 Mercy Lewis, who lost relatives in one of the attacks on Falmouth, fled to Casco Bay, with a group that included Burroughs and her parents. Although Cotton's words describe, and to some degree justify the trials . Jurat in Curia, The Deposition of Simon Willard [aged about 42] years saith I being at Saco in the year [1689] some: in Capt Ed Sarjants garison was speaking of mr George Borroughs his great strength saying he Could take:a barrill of mallasses out of a Cannoe or boat alone: and that he Could. Hist. Nothing therefore was done at the village, but the steps to arrest him originated at Boston. 2 no. According to the book The Salem Witch Trials: A Day-by-Day Chronicle of a Community Under Siege, a terrible thunder storm struck while the lawmen and Burroughs were on the road to Salem and the thunder, wind and falling trees frightened both the horses and the men. Anthony a[n]d Thomas B[r]a[c]ket and Mr. Munjoy his son only are named. In 1992, the Salem Witch Trials Memorial was built in Salem, Mass and a marker was established for George Burroughs. July 1954 . 140163, 296-304, 319, 480, 482, 514. by me He was unable to repay the debt, and resigned from his post, leaving Salem in 1683.[5]. Willard {testimoy about his great Being askd w[hat] he thought of these things. As one of the succession of three ministers who left the Village . then we come into the house of left Ingersoll and I went into the great Roome and abigle come in and said ther he stands I said wher wher and presently draed my rapyer but he emmedetly was gon as she said then said she ther is a gray catt then i said wher abouts doth she stand ther s'd she ther than I struck # [with] with my rapyer then she fell in afitt and when it was over she said you kild hur and immedetly Sary good come and carrid hur away this was about 12 a clock Each of these accused was given a moment to say their last words. that they & Every of them be & personaly app'r forthwith at the pr'sent Court of Oyer & Termin'r holden at Salem to Testify the truth to the best of thier knowledge on certain Indicm'ts Exhibited against mr George Burrough hereof Make return fail Not dated in Salem Aug't 4'th 1692 in the fourth yeare of Our Reign marce luis uppon har oath did owne this har testimony to be the truth be fore the Juriors for In quest:agust:3: 92. we whose names are under writen being present hard mircy lewes declare what is above writen what she said she saw and hard from the Apperishtion of Mr George Burroughs and also beheld hir tortors which we cannot express for sume times we ware redy to fear that every joynt of hir body was redy to be displaced: also we perceived hir hellish temtations by hir loud out cries mr.Burroughs . 136: Sarah Wilds Executed July 19, 1692, SWP No. [9] Jurat in Curia, ( Essex Institute Collection, no. The Baxter Manuscripts, Volume 5 ed by James Phinney Baxter. 038: Martha Corey Executed, September 22, 1692, SWP No. Peabody Essex Museum, Phillips Library, Salem, MA.). George Burroughs. His great grandma was Nora Burroughs (Armistead) from New Point, Mathews, Virginia. Short of stature, muscular, dark-complexioned, he was highly attractive to women, as is shown by his winning the hand of a rich widow as his second wife when he was a mere village minister. & he told me his name was borrous, Then he tooke a booke out of his pocket: & opened it.& bid me set my hand to it I tould him I would not: the lines in this book was read as blod; then he pinched me twise & went away: The next morn- ing.he apeared to me againe.and tould me he was above a wizard; for he was a conjurar and so went away but sins that he hath apeared to me every day & night very often and urged me very much to set my hand to his book: and to run a way telling me if I would do so I should be well & that I should need feare no body: & withall tor- mented me severall ways every time he Came exept that time he told me he was a conjuror: This night he asked me very much to set my hand to his book or else he sayed he would kill me; withall tortoring me very much by biting and pinching squesing my body and runing pins into me also on the: 9'th may 1692 being the time of his examination mr George Burroughs or his Apperance did most greviously afflect and torment the bodyes of Mary Walcott mercy lewes Ann putnam and Abigail williams for if he did but look upon them he would strick them down or almost choak them to death also severall times sence he has most dreadfully afflected and tormented me with variety of torments and I beleve in my heart that mr George Burroughs is a dreadfull wizzard and that he has often tormented me and also the above named parsons by his acts of wicthcraft Jurat in Curia, Eliz Hubbard.declared:the above written evedence:to be the truth: upon her oath:that she had taken.this she owned before the Jury of inquest: Aug'st 3 1692, ( Essex County Court Archives, Salem -- Witchcraft Vol. But the government requiring some account of his trial to be inserted in this book, it becomes me with all obedience to submit unto the order. Thomas Putnam, The abovs'd Complaint was Exhibited before us this 30'th aprill 1692, (Essex Institute Collection, no. Some thing jumped down from between the chimney & the side of the house and run down the stairs and said Burroughs followed it down, and the negro then said it was something like a white calf: another time lying with her husband some thing came into the house and stood by her bed side and breathed on her, and she being much afrighted at it, would have awakened her husband but could not for a considerable time, but as soon as he did awake it went away, but this I heard her say. According to the book Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University, it is not known exactly who Burroughs father was: He was thought by Farmer at one time to be the son of John Burroughs, of Salem; but at another, of Jeremiah Burroughs of Scituate. The 46-year-old suffered a cardiac arrest while . George Burroughs died at age 91 years old on May 18, 2005. Sam Morgan sworne Witnesses Thomas Greinslit Sepr. 21. He owned that none of his children, but the Eldest 166: Death Warrants Folder and Census of Prisoners (May - July 1692), SWP No. Sewall Clr, ( Witchcraft Papers, no. The Salem Witch Trials: A Reference Guide. Memorial Site* Salem Witch Trials Memorial. George Burroughs was the only minister that was executed during the Salem Witch Trials. we whose names are under written being present with ann putnam at the times above mentioned: saw hir tortured and hard hir refuse to writ in the book also hard hir declare what is above writen: what she said she saw and hard from the Apperishtion of Mr. George Burroghs and from thos which acc[used him] for murthering of them After Boston minister Cotton Mather reassured the crowd that his execution was the result of a court decision, Burroughs was hanged. her, that he had made her set her hand to Some in town thought he might be the "dark man" spoken of in many of the accusations. The claim: The cause of George Floyd's death was a drug overdose. George Burroughs and the Salem Witch Trials." Mercy Lewis later moved to Salem Village from Maine, joining many other refugees, and became a servant with the Putnams of Salem Village. I am also a descendent of George Burroughs. Burroughs was moved to Boston jail. Three years later, on June 22, 2008, George once again experienced heart failure and passed away at . Burroughs and other refugees relocated to the settlement of Salisbury, Massachusetts where Burroughs served as a minister until 1680 when he received an offer to serve as a minister for the Salem Village Church. And for other such things he was accused, until about thirty testimonies were brought in against him; nor were these judgd the half of what might have been considered for his conviction. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. & Burroughs, ( Essex County Court Archives, Salem - Witchcraft, vol. Burroughs became disillusioned with the community when they failed to pay his wages, and when his wife died suddenly in 1681, he resorted to borrowing money from community member John Putnam to pay for her funeral. to death, but hee would choake me that my vittals should doe me but litl good then he told mee his name was borros which had preached at the vliage the last night hee Came to mee and asked mee whether i would goe to the village to morrow to witnes against him i asked him if hee was exsamened then hee told hee was then i told him i would goe then hee told mee hee would kil mee beefoar morning then hee apeared to mee at the hous of nathanniel ingolson and told mee hee had been the death of three children at the eastward and had kiled two of his wifes the first hee smouthered and the second he choaked and killed tow of his own children, (Reverse) Susannah Shelden against G. Burroughs, ( Essex County Court Archives, Salem -- Witchcraft Vol. The unhappy animosities arising from this source entirely demoralized the Society, and, besides making it otherwise very uncomfortable to a minister, led to a neglect and derangement of all financial affairs. 095: Sarah Osborne Died in Prison, May 10, 1692, SWP No. that at the time of the taking of this deposicon Goody Nurse appeared in the roome & afflicted the Depon't Mary & Deliverance Hobbs as they attested & alsoe almost Choaked abigaile Hobbs as alsoe testified, & Mr English then run a pin into Maryes hand as she attested, ( Witchcraft Papers, no. Sarah Vibber Jurat He was arrested on May 4 in Maine family legend says while he was eating dinner with his family and was forcibly returned to Salem, to be jailed there on May 7. Printed for Nath. and seemed to have a Motion upward upon Which I called the Mayd, and she looking up into the Chimney saw the same, and my wife looking up could not see any thing, soe I did and doe #[very Certainly] [Concider] it was some diabolicall apperition, Mr. Elizer. Letter from Rev. The similarity of Thomas Putnams testimony with the afflicted girls testimonies and the shared language and phrasing in several of the girls testimony suggests that the girls might not have said those specific things and Putnam may have added these words to the documents himself to strengthen the case against Burroughs. Thirty-five citizens of Salem Village signed a petition to the court, but it did not move the court. The death of George Floyd, which triggered widespread protests across the US, has been declared a homicide in an official post-mortem examination. Although the jury had found no witches' marks on his body, he was nonetheless convicted of witchcraft and a conspiracy with the devil .