With a briefing, the speaker presents a concise array of facts to the listeners who normally do not expect elaboration of supporting material. flor de hortensia para maleficios; layer by layer minecraft castle blueprints. This concept has led to the adoption of scenario-based training (SBT) in many fields, including aviation. Remember that during the preparation, the instructor listed some of the anticipated responses that would, if discussed by the students, indicate that they had a firm grasp of the subject. Consequently, the objective normally is stated at the understanding level of learning. Distance learning also may be defined as a system and process that connects students with resources for learning. An instructor can most effectively maintain a high level of student motivation by. Each student should be encouraged to accept responsibility for contributing to the discussion and benefiting from it. Instructional aids are not selfsupporting; they support, supplement, or reinforce what is being taught. This results when the material is presented as an authentic problem in a situated environment that allows the learner to "make meaning" of the information based on his or her past experience and personal interpretation. The instructors assessment may be informal and recorded only for the instructors own use in planning the next lesson for the students, or it may be formal. Rather, flight maneuvers are integrated into the flight training scenarios and conducted as they would occur in the real world. [Figure 4-17], In practice, the choice of instructional aids depends on several factors. As an example, a single CD or DVD may contain all pertinent aviation regulations, plus the complete AIM. The conclusion consists of the summary of the main points. However, the instructor provides the answer to the rhetorical question. Most projectors are bulky to handle and store, and the projector cooling fan may be noisy, Although vastly different from other projection equipment, the opaque projector reflects light from the surface of the picture or three-dimensional object onto a regular projection screen. In the second, the instructor observes the pilots' behavior during the simulation, gives feedback if necessary and evaluates their skills. Fig. As mentioned earlier, possession of a high level of technical knowledge does not equate to the ability to teach it. The height of usable objects is limited to the space between the top of the lowered projection plate and the body of the projector, usually about two or three inches. The instructor acts as a facilitator to encourage discussion between students, In the guided discussion, learning is achieved through the skillful use of questions. There are several types of charts that can be used in presenting data such as pie charts, flow charts, and organizational charts, among others. A clear, concise presentation of the objective and the key ideas gives the students a road map of the route to be followed. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of group learning is that it continually requires active participation of the student in the learning process, In spite of its advantages, success with cooperative or group learning depends on conditions and controls. Since most aviation training is at the understanding level of learning or higher, questions should require students to grasp concepts, explain similarities and differences, and to infer cause-and-effect relationships, Planning a guided discussion is similar to planning a lecture. Flight Instructor Responsibilities. In a guided discussion, the instructor guides the discussion with the goal of reinforcing a learning objective related to the lesson. The chapter begins with practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, the demonstration-performance training delivery method of flight instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate For example, Bob lectures in the opening scenario, but after giving the students knowledge of how to compute weight and balance, he uses group learning to reinforce the lecture. In this method, students observe the skill and then try to reproduce it. The overhead question is directed to the entire group to stimulate thought and response from each group member. For example, a flight instructor should not rely exclusively on a software program on traffic patterns and landings to do the ground instruction for a student pilot, then expect the student to demonstrate patterns and landings in the aircraft. The alert reader has already noted that the conditions and criteria changed slightly during the development of these objectives, and that is exactly the way it will occur. In this case, the responsible instructor needs to establish procedures to make sure the required training is accomplished, since he or she must certify student competency at the end of the course, Models, mock-ups, and cut-aways are additional instructional aids. A game gives the learner a stake in the outcome by putting the learner into the shoes of a character (role playing) who needs to overcome a real world scenario. Establish a specific lesson objective with desired learning outcomes. This research has revealed that effective instructors come in many forms, but they generally possess four essential teaching skills: people skills, subject matter expertise, management skills, and assessment skills. The instructor, although no longer the center of attention, must continue to maintain complete control over the learning environment to ensure learning objectives are being achieved. A reverse question is a question asked by a learner and the instructor returns the question to the same learner for response. With this setup, the physical facility is usually referred to as a learning center or training center. Content validity means that a particular maneuver or procedure closely mimics what is required. Take The Exams. In the conclusion the instructor should tie together the various points or topics discussed, and show the relationships between the facts brought forth and the practical application of these facts. During this research process, the instructor should also earmark reading material that appears to be especially appropriate as background material for students. For example, the flight student may be asked to plan for the arrival at a specific nontowered airport. There is no guarantee that all of this information is current, or even accurate, It is important to prepare an organized plan of action, Most frequently used to least frequently used, Introducing students to new subject material, Showing relationships between theory and practice, and, No direct reaction from students but economical, Establish the objective and desired outcomes, Help jog memory and ensures important points are emphasized, Can supplement other teaching devices and methods, Students tend to interact and achieve in ways and at levels that are rarely found with other instructional strategies, Clear directions on what the student is going to do, All members of the group must accept the objectives as ones they have agreed to achieve, Tasks are structured so that students must depend upon one another for their group's success in completing and mastering the target objectives, Student must not feel penalized for being placed in a particular group, The focus of learning tasks must be aligned with the specific objectives, Each student and group should be provided the amount of time needed to learn the targeted information, Students must engage in interactive abilities as leadership, Each student must be formally and individually tested to determine mastery and retention, Only members of groups who meet established levels of achievement receive the rewards, Lead-off Question - opens up an area for discussion (how or why, not what or when), Follow-up Question - guides into discussion, Students should be encouraged to participate. Certification tests do not represent an entire training syllabus, A broad, overall objective of any pilot training course is to qualify the student to be a competent, efficient, safe pilot for the operation of specific aircraft types under stated conditions. The instructor should try to make the students feel that their ideas and active participation are wanted and needed, The instructor opens the discussion by asking one of the prepared lead-off questions. In contrast, training media are generally described as any physical means that communicates an instructional message to students. They should be considered as a supplement to instructor-led training, Electronic communications, including use of computer databases, voice mail, e-mail, Internet, World Wide Web, and satellite-based, wireless communications, are routine and this explosion of information access affects aviation training. Within seconds, what is perceived as the most important information is passed to the working or short-term memory where it is processed for possible storage in the long-term memory. research. It can be a stand-alone software program that takes a learner from lecture to exam or it can be an interactive web-based course of instruction that involves a mixture of mandatory class attendance with e-mail discussions and assignments. The major advantage of CAL is that it is interactivethe computer responds in different ways, depending on student input. This review and wrap-up of ideas reinforces student learning and improves the retention of what has been learned. [Figure 4-11] Planning the guided discussion as well as learning how to ask the type of questions used in guided discussions are assets for any aviation instructor, In 1966, the McMaster University School of Medicine in Canada pioneered a new approach to teaching and curriculum design called problem-based learning (PBL). To be a teacher implies one has completed some type of formal training, has specialized knowledge, has been certified or validated in some way, and adheres to a set of standards of performance. While test preparation materials may be effective in preparing students for FAA tests, the danger is that students may learn to pass a given test, but fail to learn other critical information essential to safe piloting and maintenance practices. Students become more involved in their own learning, and instructors may no longer occupy a center-stage position in a typical classroom setting. The instructor should treat everyone impartially, encourage questions, exercise patience and tact, and comment on all responses. Those maneuvers requiring repetition may still be taught during concentrated settings. They should provide an accurate visual image and make learning easier for the student, Another use for instructional aids is to clarify the relationships between material objects and concepts. Although some schools and independent instructors may develop their own syllabus, in practice, many instructors use a commercially developed syllabus that already has been selected by a school for use in their aviation training program. The criteria should be stated so that there is no question whether the objective has been met. To encourage enthusiasm and stimulate discussion, the instructor should create a relaxed, informal atmosphere. Consider the opening scenario in which Bob arrived early for the class and ensured the classroom was well lit, the desks in order, and that the room presented a neat overall appearance. This is necessary because it is very important that each student perform the maneuver or operation the right way the first few times to establish a good habit. Improper pilot decisions cause a significant percentage of all accidents, and the majority of fatal accidents in light single- and twin-engine aircraft. In addition, since each domain includes several educational or skill levels, training objectives may easily be adapted to a specific performance level of knowledge or skill. Since it has been documented that students learn more effectively when actively involved in the learning process, SBT is also used to train AMTs, The aviation instructor is the key to successful SBT and the overall learning objective in this method of training delivery is for the student to be more ready to exercise sound judgment and make good decisions. The instructor must logically organize the material to show the relationships of the main points. It is actually a learned capability, which may be defined as knowledge, a skill, or an attitude. Basic VOR/NDB radio navigation procedures are also perishable and could save lives if proficiency is maintained. Regardless of the teaching or training delivery method used, the teaching process remains the same. C. cannot accept the real reasons for their behavior. In its basic form, CAL is a combination of more than one instructional media, such as audio, text, graphics, and video (or film) usually shown on a PC, With CAL, the roles of both student and instructor change. The real world problem forces the student to analyze, evaluate, and make decisions about the procedures required, For the flight instructor, a good scenario tells a story that begins with a reason to fly because a pilots decisions differ depending on the motivation to fly. Thus, the student pilot exhibits knowledge of all the elements involved in a poweroff stall as listed in the PTS, As discussed in chapter 2, humans develop cognitive skills through active interaction with the world. An AMT uses ADM and risk management skills not only on the job site but also in the repair and maintenance of aircraft, Performance-based and decision-based objectives are also helpful for an instructor designing a lesson plan. This is the lead-off question and its purpose is to get the discussion started. In the previous example, the criteria may include that navigation from point A to point B be accomplished within 5 minutes of the preplanned flight time and that en route altitude be maintained within 200 feet. [Figure 4-9], The lecture may be conducted in either a formal or an informal manner. A typical system consists of a CD or DVD and a computer. In addition, the Certificated Flight Instructor (CFI) needs to remember he or she is teaching a pilot who should: Seek proficiency in control of the aircraft. Another use of computers would allow students to review procedures at their own pace while the instructor is involved in hands-on training with other students. The instructor has better control of the situation, can change the approach to meet any contingency, and can tailor each idea to suit the responses of the students. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by Posted at 20:01h in what does mr mckee want from tom by While this is the most widely used form of presentation and instructors should know how to develop and present a lecture, they also should understand the advantages and limitations of this method, Lectures are used for introduction of new subjects, summarizing ideas, showing relationships between theory and practice, and reemphasizing main points. Instructors can create their own overhead acetate or plastic transparencies, or they may purchase commercially produced ones. Facts and ideas that have been logically organized can be concisely presented in rapid sequence. The primary consideration in the lecture method, as in all other teaching methods, is the achievement of desired learning outcomes. If students wish to learn about a particular area, they do so by clicking the mouse on a particular portion of the screen. The actual training requirements are based in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and other publications used by designated pilot and maintenance examiners when they conduct practical tests. The lecture method is adaptable to many different settings, including small or large groups. If possible, the instructor should have another knowledgeable person, preferably another instructor, observe the practice sessions and act as a critic. The pilot did not report any mechanical deficiencies with the airplane during the attempted approaches. Learning is best achieved if students participate actively in a friendly, relaxed atmosphere, Therefore, the use of the informal lecture is encouraged. For the effective instructor, these skills are reflected in the ability to plan, organize, and carry out a lesson. Just as a student can reread a section in a text, a student can review portions of a CAL program until it is understood. Three types of problem-based instruction are discussed: scenario based, collaborative problem-solving, and case study, SBT uses a highly structured script of real-world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. Leadoff questions should usually begin with how or why. It is well suited for the aircraft maintenance instructor who uses it in the shop to teach welding, and the flight instructor who uses it in teaching piloting skills, Every instructor should recognize the importance of student performance in the learning process. Taking physical or mental flight is a defense mechanism students use when they A. lose interest during the advanced stages of training. To achieve desired learning outcomes through the lecture method, an instructor needs considerable skill in speaking, As indicated in chapter 2, a students rate of retention drops off significantly after the first 10-15 minutes of a lecture and improves at the end. It is important to remember that a training delivery method is rarely used by itself. The instructor should not, however, use substandard English. Aids that involve learning a physical skill should guide students toward mastery of the skill or task specified in the lesson objective, Instructional aids have no value in the learning process if they cannot be heard or seen. From this measurement of student achievement, the instructor determines the effectiveness of the instruction, A time-honored training delivery method, drill and practice is based on the learning principle of exercise discussed in chapter 2, which holds that connections are strengthened with practice. Such material should be well organized and based on fundamentals, Organize the main and subordinate points of the lesson in a logical sequence. Some educators believe that television and the film industry have produced a visual culture that has actually changed the way people learn, Passive video, or video that the student watches like a movie, provide motion, color, sound, and in many cases, special effects with advanced graphic and animation techniques. Often combined with traditional task and maneuver training within a given scenario, decision-based objectives facilitate a higher level of learning and application. Assessment is explored in more detail in chapter 5, Instructional aids are devices that assist an instructor in the teaching-learning process. Research has shown that learning is an active processthe more involved students are in the process, the better they learn. True performance as a professional is based on study and. [Figure 4-16], Good instructional aids also can help solve certain language barrier problems. Even though most aircraft are equipped with some sort of navigational system, instructors should teach students the basics of navigation. As discussed in Chapter 1, Human Behavior, the average age of aviation students is 34 years old. An effective instructor understands what can be realistically achieved within the allotted time, makes the best use of the time available, allows enough time for what must be done, preserves contingency time to handle the unexpected, and minimizes stress by not planning too much for the allotted time, Management skills also come into play for the aviation instructor who is teaching a class of students. Of even more significance is that the same data also suggest that SBT students demonstrate better decision-making skills than maneuver based studentsmost likely because their training occurred while performing realistic flight maneuvers and not artificial maneuvers designed only for the test, Research also indicates SBT may lead to improved piloting and navigation skills over traditional maneuver-based training techniques. In a typical lesson, an effective instructor normally uses a combination of methods. He was wrong. With this arrangement, each point leads logically to and serves as a reminder of the next. For example, basic map reading is a perishable skill that should be practiced often. The willingness to look for ways to match student learning styles to personal instructional style is another element of effective instruction, A subject matter expert (SME) is a person who possesses a high level of expertise, knowledge, or skill in a particular area. During a classroom session, the instructor should provide students with an overview of the presentation before showing it. Main Menu. If necessary, a public address system can be used to amplify the speakers voice. (See Appendix F.) There are many definitions for PBL, but for the purposes of this handbook, it is defined as the type of learning environment in which lessons are structured in such a way as to confront students with problems encountered in real life that force them to reach real world solutions, PBL starts with a carefully constructed problem to which there is no single solution. Availability, feasibility, or cost may impose realistic limitations. The goal might be a certificate of completion, graduation, or an academic degree. For example, if the instructor realizes from puzzled expressions that a number of students fail to grasp an idea, that point can be further elaborated until the reactions of the students indicate they understand. Despite enormous potential, VR, in its current stage of development, has drawbacks. While the instructor should have the answer in mind before asking the question, the students need to think about the question before answering. Here are examples of responsibilities from real flight instructor resumes representing typical tasks they are likely to perform in their roles. All aviation instructors shoulder an enormous responsibility because their students will ultimately be flying, servicing, or repairing aircraft, but flight instructors have the additional responsibilities of evaluating student pilots and making a decision of when they are ready to solo. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. The instructor also can write on a blank transparency as the lesson progresses, much like a chalk or marker board. This training method employs instructor-guided discussion with the instructor maintaining control of the discussion. In recent years, video (VHS, compact disks (CDs), digital video disks (DVDs), or computer files), and computer slide shows incorporating text, graphics, video, and animations, have pushed aside traditional training aids. If it is confusing to one person, it will be confusing to others and should be corrected, Criteria are the standards that measure the accomplishment of the objective. Remember, the computer has no way of knowing when a student is having difficulty, and it will always be the responsibility of the instructor to provide monitoring and oversight of student progress and to intervene when necessary, Real interactivity with CAL means the student is fully engaged with the instruction by doing something meaningful which makes the subject of study come alive. The most stressful aspect of becoming a flight instructor is usually passing . Applicants must be able to read the examination questions in either English or French without assistance. The introduction should include an attention element, a motivation element, and an overview of key points. In addition to its uses as a summary and transitional device, the interim summary may also be used to keep the group on the subject or to divert the discussion to another member, A guided discussion is closed by summarizing the material covered. Telling a story or a joke that is not related in some way to the subject distracts from the lesson. Major airlines have highlevel flight simulators that are so realistic that transitioning crews meet all qualifications in the flight simulator. Many scenarios were coupled to the maneuver until the student not only had the requisite skills, but also related them to many conditions where they would be needed. However, use of standardized materials, including a syllabus, is recommended. Once a determination of objectives and standards has been made, an instructor formulates a plan of action to lead students through the course in a logical manner toward the desired goal. In teaching a skill, the instructor must convey to the students the precise actions they are to perform. For example, instead of using many words to describe a sound, object, or function, the instructor plays a recording of the sound, shows a picture of the object, or presents a diagram of the function. The description should be in concrete terms that can be measured. [Figure 4-14] The popularity of simulation games that provide players with complex situations and opportunities to learn have drawn educators into the gaming field as they seek interactive educational games that help students retain subject matter learning, The advantages of simulation/role-playing games come as the student learns new information, develops skills, connects and manipulates information. [Figure 4-18] The brilliant light source concentrated at a short distance makes it possible to use the projector in lighted areas. Research indicates that students completing cooperative learning group tasks tend to have higher test scores, higher self-esteem, improved social skills, and greater comprehension of the subjects they are studying. This, coupled with an inattentive viewing style, can diminish the instructional value of the CD or DVD, As is true for any instructional aid, instructors need to follow some basic guidelines when using CDs and DVDs. In many cases, visual symbols and slogans can replace in-depth explanations. It is important for the instructor to understand in advance which outcomes are positive and/or negative and give the student freedom to make both good and poor decisions without jeopardizing safety. best dj pool for old school music. Some of these include study guides, exercise books, course outlines, and syllabi. As training becomes more detailed and complex, instructor-oriented materials can be a valuable instructional aid for aviation instructors. Developing good problems that motivate, focus, and initiate student learning are an important component of PBL. Defining a "good instructor" has proven more elusive, but in The Essence of Good Teaching (1985), psychologist Stanford C. Ericksen wrote "good teachers select and organize worthwhile course material, lead students to encode and integrate this material in memorable form, ensure competence in the procedures and methods of a discipline, sustain intellectual curiosity, and promote how to learn independently", Much research has been devoted to trying to discover what makes a "good" or effective instructor. An important factor is chart format. The traditional organization of a lesson plan is introduction, development, and conclusion, The introduction sets the stage for everything to come. It is important for instructors to remember: Technical knowledge is useless if the instructor fails to communicate it effectively, The two-way process of effective communication means actively listening to the student, as well as teaching him or her, In the previous scenario, Bob uses the guided group discussion period to listen to his students discuss the weight and balance problem. The introduction consists of three elements: attention, motivation, and overview. Manage and monitor all flight systems and electrical in-flight . In flight training, the instructor may allow the student to follow along on the controls during the demonstration of a maneuver. If the applicant has a medical condition affecting his or her ability to demonstrate that he or she meets the FAA AELS, the flight instructor discontinues the process and refers the individual to the FSDO and the appropriate FAA medical Another example is dead reckoning, which forces pilots to be aware of there surroundings at all times. Generally, instructional aids that are relatively simple are best suited for this purpose, In addition to helping students remember important information, instructional aids have other advantages.