Composed of monitoring stations around the world, the network analyses a long-term record of naturally occurring deuterium (2H) and 18O (stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen respectively see The role of deuterium and oxygen-18), which are affected by sea surface temperatures and rainfall. DOI: 10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00367-5 Corpus ID: 129535169; Oxygen isotope evidence of climate change from pedogenic clay minerals in the Himalayan molasse @article{Stern1997OxygenIE, title={Oxygen isotope evidence of climate change from pedogenic clay minerals in the Himalayan molasse}, author={Libby A. Stern and C. Page Chamberlain and Robert C. Reynolds and GARY D. Johnson}, journal . Model Dev. Rev. 395, 194204 (2014). Oxygen comes in heavy and light varieties, or isotopes, which are useful for paleoclimate research. Rep. 5, 10307 (2015). Nat Commun 10, 2984 (2019). Identification of such climatic regions, and speleothem samples, will have the greatest utility; for example, for research methodologies, such as data assimilation28, which utilise proxyclimate model inter-comparison. The karst hydrology model code is deposited at https://github.com/KarstHub/VarKarst-R-2015. Hydrol. 2, and suggests that a change in the temperature control on the 18Oamountwprecip18Odripwater relationship is mostly observed in mid-latitudes, and most ubiquitously in the LGM in southern Europe. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147585. Atsawawaranunt, K. et al. Sci. (Base map is from OpenStreetMap and OpenStreetMap Foundation under the Open Database License. Geochim. Like all elements, oxygen is made up of a nucleus of protons and neutrons, surrounded by a cloud of electrons. Ice Core. The transfer of seasonal isotopic variability between precipitation and drip water at eight caves in the monsoon regions of China. Baker, A., Hartmann, A., Duan, W. et al. In shells, the measurement is far more complicated because the biological and chemical processes that form the shells skew the oxygen ratio in different ways depending on temperature. In the last 50 years, oxygen-deficient zones in the open ocean have increased. Rev. Statistical analyses were undertaken using Microcal Origin. Oxygen is one of the most significant keys to deciphering past climates. Climate Tools. We thank Alan Griffiths for providing AWRA-L PET results and Nico Goldscheider, Tanja Liesch and Zhao Chen for provision of the World Karst Aquifer Map (WOKAM) shapefiles. Some regions have 18Ospeleo records that span glacialinterglacial intervals (e.g. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Duan, W. et al. PET and the P/PET were taken from the global aridity and PET database32,33, where PET is modelled at ~1-km resolution, using data from the WorldClim Global Climate Database using mean monthly extraterrestrial radiation, and mean monthly temperature and range (using the equation of ref. cations of the isotopic equilibrium fractionation factor between the In Climate Change in Continental Isotope Records. and C.P. As glacial ice melts, it returns 16O-rich fresh water to the ocean. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. PANGAEA. Bradley, C., Baker, A., Jex, C. N. & Leng, M. J. Hydrological uncertainties in the modelling of cave drip-water 18O and the implications for stalagmite palaeoclimate reconstructions. All water isotope data presented in the figures are contained in the Supplementary Data and Table. 1 and Supplementary Fig. This signal is transferred to the cave through the vadose zone, where it may be mixed with existing waters and fractionated by evaporation. J. Hydrol. Clim. Analysis of speleothems at caves at higher elevations should help mitigate this effect. Audio Isotopes point to culprit behind climate change Scientists can measure how much of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is caused by us. Isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen can also be used to date and study the movements of water, since water is made up of these two elements. Many ice cores and sediment cores have been drilled in Greenland, Antarctica and around the world's oceans. Sci. Bull. J. Hydrol. Australian Water Availability Project (AWAP): CSIRO marine and atmospheric research component: final report for phase 3. Cosmochim. We find a strong positive correlation between 18Odripwater and 18Oamountwprecip. provided the ECHAM5-wiso model simulations. Here, we present the first global analysis, based on data from 163 drip sites, from 39 caves on five continents, showing that drip water 18O is most similar to the amount-weighted precipitation 18O where mean annual temperature (MAT) is<10C. At these temperatures, the opportunity for soil and shallow karst evaporation is decreased, and karst water stores are more likely to be maintained, allowing mixing of recharge waters that buffer the isotopic impact of any individual recharge event. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.902347 (2019). The SISAL database: a global resource to document oxygen and carbon isotope records from speleothems. Powell: We cant get away with saying that humans are not responsible for the carbon thats been added to the atmosphere. 1), would be most likely to contain a 18Ospeleo record of amount-weighted precipitation (northern Europe, high-altitude and northern regions of the Asian monsoon, northern North America and New Zealand). As the shells form, they tend to incorporate more heavy oxygen than light oxygen, regardless of the oxygen ratio in the water. Ocean waters rich in light oxygen: Conversely, as temperatures rise, ice sheets melt, and freshwater runs into the ocean. To further explore the relationship between awp-dw and these climate parameters, we define a threshold for |awp-dw| of more than 0.3 as a criterion for determining the significant difference between 18Oamountwprecip and 18Odripwater. 1). Controls on oxygen isotope variability in precipitation and cave drip waters, central Texas, USA. More work is needed as 60 years of records is a relatively short period to understand longer-term climatic dynamics and accordingly, we should maintain isotopic analysis of global rainfall to better understand future climatic impacts, said Vystavna. Geochim. A 5000-year lacustrine sediment oxygen isotope record of late Holocene climate change in Newfoundland, Canada. A large-scale simulation model to assess karstic groundwater recharge over Europe and the Mediterranean. Mass Spectrom. To determine oxygen isotopic ratios from At this range of MAT (and, we anticipate, at higher MAT), 18Ospeleo may be a proxy for 18Orechargewprecip and provides records of paleo-recharge. These data suggest significant warming of 6-8 o C of ocean surface waters at a range of latitudes, as well as of deep waters. Thus, high concentrations of heavy oxygen in the ocean tell scientists that light oxygen was trapped in the ice sheets. Sci. 369370, 108119 (2013). Rev. Isotopes of oxygen []. The isotopic composition of precipitation falling on a glacier or ice sheet depends on the history of evaporation and condensation in the hydrological cycle. Tropical Pacific forcing of decadal variability in (Illustration by Robert Simmon, NASA GSFC). Acta 127, 233250 (2014). 28, 314432 (2009). The gelatinization temperature is a crucial factor in alcoholic fermentation. Cuthbert, M. O. et al. Evans, M. N., Tolwinski-Ward, S. E., Thompson, D. M. & Anchukaitis, K. J. XDB26020000. Sci. All oxygen atoms have 8 protons, but the nucleus might contain . 042, 174 (2011). We don't need to go into the detail here, but this converts to 4-5 o C of the average Earth temperature which is pretty significant. Earth Sci. The remaining moisture in the air becomes depleted of heavy oxygen as the air continues to move poleward into colder regions. Data 10, 16871713 (2018). Lett. Ocean Sciences Building Rm 339A, Box 355351 Seattle, WA 98195. uwpcc@uw.edu | (206) 543-6521 The Office of Communications. Baker, A., Hellstrom, J. C., Kelly, B. F. J., Mariethoz, G. & Trouet, V. A composite annual-resolution stalagmite record of North Atlantic climate over the last three millennia. The regression demonstrates that, at this scale, 18Odripwater is greater than 18Oamountwprecip where the latter is more positive, typically sites where MAT>16C. The stable isotopes of oxygen used in paleoclimatic reconstructions, and hence oxygen isotope stratigraphy, are 16O and 18O. Ideas in this paper were developed thanks to discussions around the NOAA Last Millennium Reanalysis project and PAGES SISAL consortium. Genus-specific corrections were applied and oxygen isotope data adjusted by +0.64 and +0.4, respectively , with the green dot indicating the average oxygen isotope composition of the last 10 kyr. Reporting credit: Sarah Kennedy/ChavoBart Digital Media. The difference in PET at this site did not change the P/PET classification (using WorldClim: 1.06; using AWAP 0.82), and the WorldClim data are used for consistency. a Global relationship between 18Odripwater and 18Oamountwprecip. With recharge weighting, the correlation between the 18Odripwater and 18Orechargewprecip remains positive and strong (Spearmans rank rs=0.89, p<0.00001). In fact there are three isotopes of carbon atoms - all three react the same way in chemical reactions-the only chemical difference between them is that they have slightly different masses. The next chapter estimates seasonal temperature and precipitation change during the Vandal Minimum from oxygen isotope ratios of four archaeological otolith-shell pairs, and four individual archaeological shells. Goose, H. Reconstructed and simulated temperature asymmetry between continents in both hemispheres over the last centuries. The water vapor containing light oxygen moves toward the poles, eventually condenses, and falls onto the ice sheets where it stays. Earth. N. Muthiga. 5-6: Oxygen Isotope Abundance in a water molecule 7-8: Quantifying the 18O Abundance and Delta Notation 9-12: Hydrologic Cycle 13-16: Temperature from Ice Cores (Paleo) . USA 114, 28422847 (2017). Geol. The location of the caves in comparison with modern mean annual temperature (MAT) and the global database of 18Ospeleo records17 are shown in Fig. North Atlantic forcing of millennial-scale Indo-Australian monsoon dynamics during the Last Glacial period. Scientists measure differences in oxygen isotope concentrations to reveal past climates. Oxygen is one of the most significant keys to deciphering past climates. Because water vapor containing heavy oxygen condenses and falls as rain before water vapor containing light oxygen, higher-than-standard local concentrations of light oxygen indicate that the watersheds draining into the sea in that region experienced heavy rains, producing more diluted waters. Visit NASA's portal for an in-depth look at the science behind sea level change. W.D. Terms of Use, IAEA Office of Public Information and Communication, Governmental, legal and regulatory framework, Security of nuclear and other radioactive material, Radioactive waste and spent fuel management, Zoonotic Disease Integrated Action (ZODIAC), International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO), Catalogue of review missions and advisory services, Peer review and advisory services calendar, Global Nuclear Safety and Security Network (GNSSN), International Nuclear Information System (INIS), Advanced Reactors Information System (ARIS), Integrated Nuclear Fuel Cycle Information System (iNFCIS), Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste Information System (SRIS), Offices Reporting to the Director General, succession of droughts attributed to climate change, Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation, Temperature and precipitation effects on the isotopic composition of global precipitation reveal long-term climate dynamics, Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP), Targeting Drought with Nuclear Techniques, Water, IAEA Bulletin (Vol. Considering the P, then for a P threshold of 1750mm, 61% of all drip waters (n=31) have a |awp-dw| of <0.3. These empirical observations agree with theoretical understanding that in warmer, water-limited climates, 18Odripwater may be affected by evaporative fractionation of the water in the soil or shallow karst22,30, or by selective recharge, with an isotopic composition dominated by those rainfall events or seasons that generate recharge26,27. The ratio of these two oxygen isotopes has changed over the ages and these changes are a proxy to changing climate that have been used in both ice cores from glaciers and ice caps and cores of deep sea sediments. The Vostok record is most complete for the hydrogen isotopes, but the concepts of understanding how the isotope-temperature relationship works is easier with oxygen. To identify the cause of global warming, scientists study the carbon in our atmosphere. A.H. was supported by the Emmy Noether-Programme of the German Research Foundation (DFG; grant number HA 8113/1-1). A fundamental research question is: what are the regional climate parameters where 18Ospeleo values most faithfully preserve the source signal (18Oprecip)? solution with a temperature change, 2) crystallization from a magma with a temperature change, and 3) biological precipitation by the action of organisms. Figure3 explores the global relationship between climate parameters and the difference between amount-weighted precipitation and drip water isotopic composition (awp-dw=18Oamountwprecip18Odripwater). Robust use of this proxy depends on understanding the relationship between precipitation and. 341 scientist, Dr. Alan Mix, explains how oxygen isotopes can be used to predict what temperatures on Earth were millions of years ago: Show caption Checking In Correspondence to World Karst Aquifer Map, 1:40 Million (WHYMAP, BGR, Hanover, 2017). This appears to be due to the combined overprinting of increasing selective recharge and evaporative fractionation over this range of MAT and offers new insights into the interpretation of 18Ospeleo in the region. Smart, P. L. & Friederich, H. Water movement and storage in the unsaturated zone of a maturely karstified carbonate aquifer, Mendip Hills, England. List common non . Ser. The intercept and gradient are indistinguishable from 0 to 1, respectively, indicating that after recharge weighting, at the European sites, 18Odripwater can be explained by 18Orechargewprecip. . Quatern. The Oxygen-18 isotope has an extra two neutrons, for a total of 10 neutrons and 8 protons, compared to the 8 neutrons and 8 protons in a normal oxygen atom. To minimise uncertainties that could be introduced into our analysis, we have chosen to only include sites where both of the following two criteria were met. 2 are archived at PANGAEA40. We therefore have not included sites where 18Oprecip is a derived parameter, e.g. We developed absolutely dated annual ring-width chronologies, and cellulose stable carbon and oxygen isotope chronologies from bristlecone pine growing at the treeline (~3500 m) and ~200 m below for the period AD 1710-2010. Linear single and stepwise multiple regression analyses on the global data set showed that the strongest correlation (Spearmans rank) of the absolute value of awp-dw was with the ratio of mean annual temperature (MAT) to the total annual P: The global relationship between awp-dw and climate parameters. The study is part of the work of the IAEA and its collaborators through the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP), who monitor, record and evaluate changes in temperature and precipitation. Global analysis reveals climatic controls on the oxygen isotope composition of cave drip water. To estimate recharge, we use a large-scale karst groundwater recharge model that was previously developed for European and Mediterranean climates29,37,38. Such records are of palaeoclimatic value, and may yield a proxy for 18Orechargewprecip, but are more likely to show greater heterogeneity between coeval records and therefore require a drip-specific interpretation. Sci. Regions where this compound signal is most likely are predominantly in latitudes equatorward of ~35 (most of Africa, India, southern Asia, southern Europe, North America and Australia; Fig. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11027-w, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11027-w. Denniston, R. F. et al. Correcting for the Skew: Scientists can correct for the temperature factor by looking at other chemicals in the shells. In warmer and drier environments, speleothems will have a seasonal bias toward the precipitation 18O of recharge periods and, in some cases, the extent of evaporative fractionation of stored karst water. Soc. M.W. b Frequency histogram for the global data set for the difference between 18Oamountwprecip and 18Odripwater (awp-dw). About 23% of the seafloor worldwide became anoxic dead zones, they estimate. The exact oxygen ratios can show how much ice covered the Earth. The amount-weighted data are shown in open black symbols, and the regression line is shown in gray: 18Odripwater=1.19 (0.59)+1.20 (0.08) 18Oamountwprecip (). Therefore, oxygen isotopes preserved in ocean sediments provide evidence for past ice ages and records of salinity. Wang, X. et al. To obtain Internet Explorer). J. Irrig. Here, we compile cave monitoring data with the objective of understanding the modern-day relationship between 18Oprecip and 18Odripwater. IWMI Research Report 122, 145 (International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2007). P.K. Google Scholar. Werner, M. ECHAM5-wiso simulation datapresent-day, mid-Holocene, and Last Glacial Maximum. 3), 18Oamountwprecip does not correlate with MAT or the total annual P, but 18Odripwater does positively correlate with both (Supplementary Fig. monsoon regions18,19,20), whereas other regions have records that are more complex (e.g. In polar ice cores, the measurement is relatively simple: less heavy oxygen in the frozen water means that temperatures were cooler. Use the unsubscribe link in those emails to opt out at any time. 3), and for the Australian caves, we compared gridded PET with the mean PET (19601990 AD) calculated from the Australian Water Availability Project (AWAP) database35,36: For the Australian sites, the gridded PET calculated by the two products agreed within 7% for all sites, except Golgotha Cave, where the AWAP PET was 30% higher than that calculated by WorldClim. Vostok record 18Odripwater, and the associated 18Ospeleo, can be more positive than amount-weighted precipitation (evaporative fractionation dominates), or either greater or less than amount-weighted precipitation (selective recharge dominates). However, we note that a combination of post-infiltration evaporative fractionation and isotopically depleted recharge could lead to observations of |awp-dw|<0.3 for some sites with warm and dry climates. The implications for speleothem palaeoclimatology are that speleothems (if formed near isotopic equilibrium) are most likely to directly reflect meteoric precipitation 18O only in cooler climates. Feng, W., Banner, J. L., Guilfoyle, A., Musgrove, M. & James, E. W. Oxygen isotopic fractionation between drip water and speleothem calcite: a 10-year monitoring study, central Texas, USA. 1. Request PDF | Seasonal study of calcite-water oxygen isotope fractionation at recent freshwater tufa sites in Hungary | Recent fluvial tufa carbonates were investigated from the Szalajka Valley . At first, the rain contains a higher ratio of water made of heavy oxygen, since those molecules condense more easily than water vapor containing light oxygen. The heaviest is carbon-14 (which, in the scientific world, is written as 14 C), followed by carbon-13 ( 13 C), and the lightest, most common carbon-12 ( 12 C). 1994. In addition, oxygen can be used to determine temperatures from ocean sediment cores as well. The result: decreased oxygen levels led to substantial increases in global precipitation rates and temperature. Mickler, P. J., Stern, L. & Banner, J. L. Large kinetic isotope effects in modern speleothems. James Powell of the National Physical Sciences Consortium says these isotopes are found in different proportions in different substances. 3.2.1 . Pauline C. Treble, Andy Baker, David Paterson, Ting-Yong Li, Jonathan L. Baker, R. Lawrence Edwards, Andrea Columbu, Laura Calabr, Jo De Waele, Giovanni Zanchetta, Monica Bini, Marco Luppichini, Katrina Nilsson-Kerr, Pallavi Anand, Melanie J. Leng, Nature Communications Figure2a, b presents the global relationship between 18Odripwater and 18Oamountwprecip. Treble, P. C. et al. precipitation and temperature. Hydroclimate changes across the Amazon lowlands over the past 45,000 years. The SISAL (Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and AnaLysis Working Group) database version 1b, that supports Fig. A method using nonpooled, continuous stable carbon and oxygen isotopes recorded in oak trees benefits climate reconstructions. 2c, d), although over a more restricted range of 18O. - Isotope Evidence for Climate Change Overview Isotopes are used to measure past climate properties. Seeking excellence: an evaluation of 235 international laboratories conducting water isotope analyses by isotope-ratio and laser-absorption spectrometry. Oxygen (chemical symbol O) has three naturally occurring isotopes: 16 O, 17 O, and 18 O, where the 16, 17 and 18 refer to the atomic mass.The most abundant is 16 O, with a small percentage of 18 O and an even smaller percentage of 17 O. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Sci. Geochim. Compilations of deep sea benthic foraminifer oxygen isotopes have revealed the long history of global climate change over the past 100 million years. 385, 203215 (2010). 72, 159168 (2013). 60/1, April 2019), Increasing risk of another Cape Town Day Zero drought in the 21st century, Resilience and adaptation to climate change, Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Isotope Records Reveal the Complexity of Changing Climate Dynamics. At the European scale, the relationship between the 18Odripwater and 18Oamountwprecip is a strong positive correlation (Spearmans rank rs=0.90, p<0.00001), similar to that observed globally (Fig. IAEA Supports Improved Aquifer Management in Climate Change Affected Namibia, Understanding the Link Between Groundwater, Human Activities and Climate Change: The Case of Europe, Looking Into the Future of Water Resources and the Impact of Climate Change, IAEA Helps Brazil Strengthen Isotope Monitoring of Precipitation, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100 The analyses show that drip water 18O is most similar to the amount-weighted precipitation 18O, when mean annual temperature is <10C. Our recharge modelling demonstrates the importance of selective recharge, and suggests that for a MAT<16C, 18Odripwater is best interpreted as 18Orechargewprecip. Probability values (p), are conservatively determined using the lowest degrees of freedom (df), based on the number of cave sites (global: n=39; Europe: n=16; China: n=10; Australia: n=5), rather than the number of unique drip waters. For each site, the local MAT and the total annual P were taken from the publications, and PET was taken from the WorldClim Global Climate Database32,33. Typical analytical uncertainties for individual 18O analyses are0.242. Interpretation of 18Ospeleo proxy records would benefit from the best possible understanding of the climatic conditions under which oxygen isotope composition of drip water (18Odripwater) is most directly related to 18Oprecip. Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 18Orechargewprecip provides a similarly strong correlation, but in this case with a slope and intercept indistinguishable from 1 and 0, respectively. In addition, oxygen can be used to determine temperatures from ocean sediment cores as well. Dataset. Regional relationships between 18Odripwater and 18Oamountwprecip for Europe, China and Australia are quantified in Supplementary Fig. This archive includes 455 18Ospeleo records, with over 324 covering intervals within the last 21ka16,17. Climate regimes represented in the compilation include temperate maritime and semiarid monsoon, Mediterranean, montane and tropical, therefore including a wide range of MAT and aridity, as expressed by the ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration (P/PET). glacialinterglacial transitions) and where the climate control on the difference between 18Oamountwprecip and 18Odripwater may change over time. With monitoring data, regression models between climate and speleothem proxy data can be developed8, proxy interpretations can be evaluated9, input data for forward or proxy system models can be generated10,11,12,13 and the extent that speleothem calcite precipitates in isotopic equilibrium with its associated drip water can be assessed7,14,15. Climate change and ocean oxygen: Oxygen-poor zones shrank under past warm periods, scientists discover by Princeton University Sites from which core data are reported or discussed, plotted. The Vostok record is most complete for the hydrogen isotopes, but the concepts of understanding how the isotope-temperature relationship works is easier with oxygen. Science 294, 23452348 (2001). Rev. Dyn. L.C.B. Nature Communications (Nat Commun) Stable water isotope behavior during the last glacial maximum: A general circulation model analysis. This implies that the 18O of speleothems (formed in near isotopic equilibrium) are most likely to directly reflect meteoric precipitation in cool climates only. The risks posed to water resources from changing climatic conditions are not unique to South Africa, and IAEA scientists are using a global isotope database to reveal the dynamics between temperature and rainfall. All rights reserved. The standard scientists use for comparison is based on the ratio of oxygen isotopes in ocean water at a depth of 200-500 meters. Quatern. Hartmann, A., Gleeson, T., Wada, Y., Wagener, T. & Kingdom, U. Earth. Scientists are moving forward to apply this powerful tool to more and more branches of paleoclimatology. Matthew S. Finkenbinder, Byron A. Steinman, Broxton W. Bird . & Verchot, L. V. Climate Change Mitigation: A Spatial Analysis of Global Land Suitability for Clean Development Mechanism Afforestation and Reforestation. 278, 131143 (2003). Thus, scientists associate lower levels of heavy oxygen (again, compared to the standard) with fresher water, which on a global scale indicates warmer temperatures and melting, and on a local scale indicates heavier rainfall. Hartmann, A. et al. 118, 6581 (2006). Water molecules are made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. oxygen atoms of acetone and water. Samantha Harrington, Associate Editor of Yale Climate Connections, is a journalist and graphic designer, with a background in digital media and entrepreneurship. c Relationship between the 18Orechargewprecip, 18Oamountwprecip and 18Odripwater for the European data set. Thirdly, even in regions of exceptionally high rainfall, such as Mulu (Malaysian Borneo) and parts of India, 18Odripwater can be higher than the 18Orecharegewprecip31, probably due to the continuous high temperatures, leading to the partial evaporation of vadose water. & Greenbaum, N. A new approach to model the spatial and temporal variability of recharge to karst aquifers. Higher-than-standard global concentrations of light oxygen in ocean water indicate that global temperatures have warmed, resulting in less global ice cover and less saline waters. 9, 12022 (2010). Oxygen isotope analysis considers only the ratio of 18 O to 16 O present in a sample.. from isotope-enabled GCM output or based on empirical relationship with distant Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) stations. Scientists can measure how much of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is caused by us. Lachinet, M. S. Climatic and environmental controls on speleothem oxygen-isotope values. Portal for an in-depth look at the University of Hull Occasional Papers in Geography 1966 To document oxygen and carbon isotope records Finkenbinder, Byron A. Steinman, Broxton W. Bird A. speleothem Science from Fill in the picture of climate in the atmosphere or moving toward the poles, begins! 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